RADIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF EL SELA-QASH AMER GRANITES, SOUTH EASTERN DESERT, EGYPT

El Sela area is mainly covered by ophiolitic mélange (Sul Hamed), biotite granite, two-mica granite (El Sela), muscovite granites (Qash Amer), and cross cut by microgranite dolerite and bostonite dikes as well as quartz and japser veins. These granitic rocks are hydrothermally altered, especially around El Sela ENE-WSW shear zone, that causing hydrothermal alterations accompanied by radioactive mineralization. These rocks are mainly composed of alkali feldspar, quartz, muscovite, and biotite with zircon, ﬂuorite, apatite and iron oxides as an accessory minerals. The radioactive minerals are represented by uranophane, autunite, meta-autunite and phurcalite which are restricted in the highly sheared microgranite, dolerite dikes as well as jasper veins. Uranium contents (eU) range from 10.1 to 17.7 ppm at Qash Amer with their thorium contents (eTh) vary from 5.8 to 22.7 ppm. El Sela granites have uranium contents (eU) range from 6.4 to 19.7 ppm with equivalent thorium content (eTh) range between 14.0 and 44.9 ppm. The eU-eTh, (eU/ eTh)-eU and eU-[eU+(eTh X 3.5)] diagrams show depletion of uranium for both the Qash Amer and El Sela granitic samples, suggesting that uranium may be leached out of the original rock towards the ENE-WSW and NNW-SSE shear zones. The migrated uranium (Um) amount was calculated and indicated as either migration out or migration in at Qash Amer and El Sela granites, mostly to the shear zone cutting through the area. Absorbed Dose Rate (D), annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external (Hex) and internal (Hin) hazard index, in addition to activity gamma index (Iγ) caused by gamma emitter natural radionuclide were determined from the obtained values of 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K. Most of the studied samples have radiological parameters values higher than the international recommended values suggesting that El Sela and Qash Amer granitic rocks are hazardous and not recommended for use as ornamental stones with respect to workers and human beings.


INTRODUCTION
The Pan-African orogenic event in Egypt ended at about 615 Ma, and subsequent crustal uplifting and extensional collapse occurred within the 610-550 Ma time span (Stern, 1994;Greiling et al., 1993). The basement complex in the Eastern Desert of Egypt is divided into three lithologically and structurally distinct domains: North Eastern Desert (NED), Central Eastern Desert (CED) and South Eastern Desert (SED), (Stern and Hedge, 1985).
Lithologically, there are higher number of granitic occurrences in the NED and SED than in the CED; ophiolites are absent in the NED; and the greatest occurrences of rocks with strong oceanic affinities are exposed in the CED. Granitic rocks constitute about 60% of the basement 2 SAMEH Z. TAWFIK et al. outcrops in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. The Egyptian granitic rocks divided into an older , also referred to as grey or syn-to late-orogenic, calc-alkaline diorite to granodiorite assemblage, and a younger (610-550 Ma), post-orogenic, alkali granite, syenogranite, and monzogranite association (Hassan and Hashad, 1990;Stern and Gottfried, 1986;Beyth et al., 1994). Older granites constitute about 27%, whereas the younger granites about 30% of the Egyptian granites. Relative abundance of younger granites to older granites increases from 1:4 in the south to 1:1 in the north of Eastern Desert and 12:1 in Sinai (Bentor, 1985). Granitic rocks are considered the main rocks hosting U-mineralization in many parts of the world. Uranium existing in granites can be divided into two categories; primary uranium and secondary uranium (Jiashu and Zehong, 1982). The first is formed during magma crystallization, while the latter is precipitated in various geological events later from dissolved and transported uranium, which comes from the primary uranium. The secondary uranium can be subdivided into three types: a) absorbed uranium in altered minerals such as montmorillonite, chlorite and limonite; b) interstitial uranium at the grain boundaries, formed as a result of hydrothermal solution migration along the interstices of minerals in granites; and c) uranium in microfractures, the formation of this kind of uranium takes place during the circulation of hydrothermal solutions after the deformation of rocks. Most of Egyptian uranium occurrences in the younger granites as Gabal Um Ara (Ibrahim, 1986;Abdalla et al., 1994), Gabal Gattar (Roz, 1994), while the vein type is dominant in other areas such as; Gabal El Missikat, Gabal El Erediya (Abu Dief, 1985&1992 and Hussein et al., 1986Abdel Naby, 2008;El Mezayen et al., 2017), and Gabal El Sela (Assaf et al., 1996;Ibrahim et al., 2005). These areas were studied geochemically (e.g. El-Nisr et al., 2002;Khalaf, 2005, Abdel Gawad 2018, mineralogically (e.g. Rashed, 2001;Gaafar, 2005;Mira and Ibrahim 2009;Shahin, 2011 and2014;Abdel Gawad et al., 2015, Abdel Gawad andIbrahim 2016) and structurally (Ali, 2013).
El Sela area lies in south Eastern Desert of Egypt covering an area about 70 km² of the basement rocks. Recent studies show that most granites in the area are composed of multiple phase injections of highly variable sizes, not always co-genetic and each of them may have highly variable metallogenic potential (Ibrahim, 2002). Such a conception has a very important consequence because the mineralization may be genetically only related to specific magma intrusion phase within a large granite complex as shown in Kab Ameri granite, Central Eastern Desert of Egypt (Abdel Meguid et al., 2003;Ibrahim, et al 2005;Gaafar et al., 2006) and Saint Sylvester granite in the French Massif Central for vein type uranium mineralization (Cuney et al., 1989).
This work aims to measure the radioactivity of El Sela granitic rocks which could be used as building materials to evaluate the probable radiological hazards that imposed on the human beings.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The granitic samples collected from the study area were prepared as thin sections and studied by the transmitted polarized microscope (Olympus BX53).

Mineral separation and identification
were carried out at the Laboratories of the Nuclear Materials Authority (NMA). The heavy liquids separation technique using bromoform of specific gravity 2.85 gm/cm3 was used to concentrate the heavy minerals followed by magnetite separation using the hand magnet, then the left heavy portion was subjected to magnetic fractionation by the Frantz isodynamic magnetic where several farctions are obtained at variable amperes (0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1, and 1.5 amperes). Each of these fractions contained its own character-3 RADIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF istic minerals that were identified by the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM).
A total number of 80 sites (40 for El Sela granites in El Sela area and 40 for Qash Amer granites, Southeastern Desert, Egypt) were considered to investigate their natural radioactivity due to 238 U (ppm), 232 Th (ppm) and 40 K (%). The radiometric measurement was carried out in the field using in-situ γ-ray spectrometer, GS-256 (designed by Geofyzika Brno-Czech Republic) with a 3ʺ×3ʺ sodium iodide (Thalium) [NaI (Tl)] crystal detector and in addition to a system work with the GPS units.
The measurements are based on the detection of γ-radiation emitted in the decay of 214 Bi ( 238 U series) at 1.76 Mev, 208 Tl ( 232 Th series) at 2.41 Mev, while primary decay of potassium 40 K (1.46 MeV) is measured directly. The determinations of uranium and thorium are based on the assumption that the daughter nuclides are in equilibrium with the parent nuclides that is none of the intermediate steps in the decay series has been disrupted. Consequently, the deduced amounts of uranium and thorium are equivalent to what would be in equilibrium with the measured radioactivity of the bismuth or thallium isotopes (Killeen and Cameron, 1977). Therefore the term 'equivalent' or its abbreviation 'e' is used to indicate that equilibrium is assumed between the radioactive daughter isotopes monitored by the spectrometer, and their respective parent isotope. Based on replicate analyses, the precision of the determinations was ±10%.

GEOLOGIC SETTING
El Sela granites and Qash Amer (QA) are located 25 km west of Abu Ramad city close to the Sudanese border ( Fig. 1). El Sela and Qash Amer areas are characterized by rugged topography with low to high relief and comprises different rock types of the basement complex. They are chronologically arranged by serpentinite and related rocks, metagabbros, pillowed metabasalt, metavolcanics, biotite granite, two-mica granite, muscovite granite, Post-granitic dikes are mostly injected along ENE-WSW and/or NNW-SSE to N-S directions which represent the most important tectonic trends in the study area (Fig. 2).
The basement complex of El Sela area is represented by Sul Hahmid serpentinite talc carbonate structurally inter slices with layered pyroxene gabbro, ophiolitic basalt and calc alkaline metavolcanics and related volcaniclastic sediments. The calc alkaline metavolcanics are intruded by El Sela and Qash Amer granitic rocks.
Biotite granite of El Sela area is represented by huge granitic exposure trends NNW-SSE displaying an elongated belt (9 x 3 km). It is red to reddish pink color, massive, and  Zeid, 2020) 5 RADIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF exhibs low to moderate relief, medium-to coarse-grained. This granite implys cavernous, highly weathered, exfoliated, fractured and jointed surfaces. It is composed mainly of quartz, k-feldspar, plagioclase, and biotite. Fe and Mn-oxides represented by magnetite, hematite, goethite, and pyrolusite minerals filling fissures and joints. The rock contains xenocrysts of black colors of metavolcanics. The biotite granite was intruded by the two-mica granite with srong and sharp intrusive contact.
The two-mica granites occupy the major part of the studied area displaying the remnants of circular and/or arc-shaped granitic plutons trending ENE-WSW and NNW-SSE. These granites are usually mediumto coarse-grained and characterized by the hypidiomorphic granitic textures. Granite plutons are divided into several bodies separated by sandy corridors with highest peaks rise to as high as 557 m (above sea level). Two-mica granites are pink to pinkish grey colors, composed essentially of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite and muscovite.
The Qash Amer granite locates to the east of Gabal El Sela, represents a small (3 x 2 km) oval body surrounded by wadi sediments. Gabal Qash Amer has a higher relief than Gabal El Sela. Granites of Qash Amer are strongly weathered, exfoliated, jointed, pale pink, leucocratic, medium to coarse-grained, whitish to pink in color and composed maily of muscovite granites. These rocks are composed essentially of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite and muscovite. Garnet, manganese and iron oxides are the main accessories as disseminations and fracture fillings indicating its high degree of differentiation. They intrude serpentinite rocks and metavolcanics as well as biotite granite.
El Sela granites are dissected by two perpendicular shear zones. First shear zone extends ENE-WSW with about 1.5 km in length and ranges between 5 to 40 m in width extending 6 km in the eastern part with nar-row width varies between 3 to 5 m. From the structural point of view, shear zone is dissected by the NW-SE dextral strike-slip faults, NNW-SSE, NNE-SSW and N-S sinstral strike-slip faults. The ENE-WSW shear zone is characterized by moderate relief, highly tectonized, altered and enriched in secondary visible U-mineralization and pyrite megacrysts. This shear zone is characterized by invading of microgranite, dolerite dikes, as well as quartz and jasper veins.
Microgranite dike is injected into the twomica granite along the ENE-WSW shear zone and dipping 72°-83° S (Fig. 3). This dike is very fine-grained, ranging in width between 3 and 20 m and extends 6 km SW from the northern margin of El Sela plutons. Microgranite is sheared, jointed and affected by acidic and/or alkaline fluids such as phyillic, argillic and hematitization. Dolerite dikes have ENE-WSW and NNW-SSE trends. The first trend in which dolerite is parallel to the first shear zone, strikes N75°E and dipping 68°-81° SW, adjacent and/or parallel to microgranite dike in the main shear zone of the mapped area. These dikes are highly altered and having cavities that filled with secondary U-mineralization and pyrite megacrysts ( Fig. 4 & 5). The Second shear zone extends NNW-SSE for a short distance (100 m). Dolerite dikes range in thickness 1 m to 1.5 m thick and act as good trap for visible U-mineralization. They invade the first shear zone in perpendicular trend. The second mineralized dolerite trend strikes N-112° and dips 58° W. The intensity of radioactivity and mineralization in the second shear zone are very strong and more pronounced than the first one. Visible uranophane and violet fluorite minerals are recorded in the second sheared dolerite dikes (Fig. 6).
Bostonite dikes invade granitic plutons along the N-S and NNE-SSW tectonic trends (Fig. 7). They are usually fine-grained, reddish brown, sheeted, and range in thickness from 0.5 to 2 m. These dikes are mainly composed of microcline, albite, quartz, aegirine and iron oxides.
Milky and white quartz veins dissected the host two-mica granite along the main shear zone trending ENE-WSW (Fig. 8). These veins are barren, highly brecciated and vary  Episyenitization, Hematitization, kaolinitization, illitization are the main alteration processes in the area. The field observations and detailed mapping indicate that the tectonic history of the area forms a conspicuous feature as it was affected by several tectonic events. The main tectonic trends affect the studied granite are ENE-WSW and NNW-SSE fault sets with contemporaneous different injections. The emplacement of these injections along the fault zones were associated with high potential fluids which are indicated by the alteration halos. These events are started by the emplacement of the two-mica granite and muscovite granite, and continued by the ENE-WSW trend that was activated many times. These activations were contemporaneous with or followed by the emplacement of microgranite dikes in ENE-WSW trends. Dolerite dikes having ENE-WSW and NNW-SSE trends while bostonite dikes having N-S trend and the multi-color of quartz vein injections along ENE-WSW trends. The field studies indicated that the granitic rocks suffered from hydrothermal alterations, especially around El Sela shear zone, which intruded by multi injections of microgranite, dolerite and bostonite dikes as well as quartz veins along ENE-WSW trend causing hydrothermal alterations affected the host two-mica granite, microgranite and dolerite dikes and was accompanied by visible secondary U-mineralization and megacrysts of pyrite crystals (Figs. 4-6).
The granitic rocks in El Sela area can be distinguished into two types. The first is coarse grained intruded by the second fine-to medium-grained granite. Microscopically the coarse-grained granite is composed essentially of alkali feldspar, quartz, and biotite ± muscovite. Zircon, monazite, fluorite, apatite and iron oxides are the main accessory minerals. Quartz presents as subhedral to anhedral crystals and shows andulose extinction reflecting the effecting tectonics. It occurs as large crystals and/or small crystals filling the interstitial spaces between the plagioclase and microcline. Orthoclase and microcline crystals represent the potash feldspar. Orthoclase shows simple twinning, while the microcline is characterized by corroded cross-hatching. Some crystals show sericitization along the periphery. Plagioclase is subhedral to euhedral crystals, cracked and partly sericitized. They are altered where alteration causing masking for lamellar twinning. Biotite occurs as flakes with pale to dark brown pleochroism. Muscovites present as small flakes and as alteration products of biotite.
The second fine-to medium-grained granites are composed essentially of Quartz occurs as medium to fine subhedral cracked crystals, with wavy extinction. These crystals have different grain sizes ~2.0 mm length and width. The potash feldspars are microcline, orthoclase and perthite. Microcline crystals are partly corroded crosshatched, sericitized and silicified (Fig. 9). Orthoclase crystals are euhedral to subhedral with carlsbad twinning. Perthite is few and shows subhedral crystals with vein and patch type perthitic intergrowth. Plagioclase is euhedral to subhedral cracked crystals, partly with corroded lamellar twinning, and sericitized. Sericitization presents in the crystals core (Fig. 10). It ranges from albite to oligoclase. Occasionally it shows clear zoning textures (Fig. 11).
Biotite occurs as flakes with pale to dark brown pleochroism. Some biotite crystals shows black haloes which may be due to radioactive minerals. Muscovite occurs as irregular flakes filling the interstitial spaces between these minerals. Garnet occurs as honey color, euhedral crystals and high relief. The presence of this mica may indicate of highly fractionated rare metal granites.

Uranium Bearing Minerals
Accessory minerals are represented mainly by zircon, and fluorite. Zircon occurs as small subhedral to euhedral crystals. It is also observed as inclusions in quartz, biotite, feldspars and chlorite. Some zircon RADIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF crystals are occasionally metamicted and surrounded by strong pleochloric haloes due to the radioactivity effects. Fluorite occurs as colorless and or as deep violet to black fluorite associating radioactive mineralization (Fig. 15a&b).

Radioactivity Ratios
The wide ranges of eU/eTh ratio of Qash Amer granites (0.66-2.14) and eTh/K ratio (5.03-9.36) indicate that they have a very high U potential mobilization and its ratios is not normal and form anomalous zones (Saleh et al., 2019). The eU-eTh, (eU/eTh)-eU and eU-[eU+(eTh*3.5)] diagrams  show depletion of uranium for both the Qash Amer and El Sela granitic samples. Uranium was leached out of the original rock towards the

Mobilization and Migration of Uranium
Uranium is the most expected element to be mobilized, due to its geochemical behavior and nature of its hosting rocks; its mobilization is discussed through two main topics; 1) eU/eTh ratio and 2) type and amount of mobilization.

eU/eTh ratio
The commonly recorded eU/eTh ratio for granitic rocks is about 0.33 (Clark et al., 1966;Rogers and Adams, 1969;Stuckless et al., 1977;Boyle, 1982). That ratio is considered as an important radiometric indicator to identify the fate and proximity of the U-mineralization. However, the enrichment of uranium could be indicated by increasing this ratio above 0.33 while the depleted or initially uranium poor granites could be indicated by decreasing the ratio than 0.33. The value of eU/eTh ratio in the productive uraniferous rocks is generally ≥1 (Darenely and Ford, 1989). The eU/eTh ratio for each rock type is quoted in Tables  (1 & 2). The averages of the eU/eTh ratio are 1.29 for QA granites and 2.95 for El Sela granites, indicating uranium addition.
The radiometric studies of anomalous samples show that their uranium contents (eU) range from 10.1 to 17.7 ppm at QA with their thorium contents (eTh) vary from 5.8 to 22.7 ppm. El Sela granites have uranium contents (eU) ranges from 6.4 to 19.7 ppm with equivalent thorium content (eTh) ranges between 14.0 and 44.9 ppm. This indicates strong post-magmatic uranium enrichment in the granitic melt. This could be supported by high concentration of uranium in accessory    minerals (e.g., zircon, fluorite and radioactive minerals (e.g., uranophane, autonite and metaautonite) and adsorbed mostly by iron oxides (Ali et al., 2008).

Type and Amount of Uranium Mobilization
The uranium mobilization rate (P) is calculated by P = Um/Up x 100%. The obtained results of Uo, Um and P for representative samples of the studied rocks are listed in Table 3. Dynamics of uranium-rich fluids and amount of mobilized uranium as well as uranium mobilization rate in the studied rocks are calculated through several steps using equations of Benzing Uranium Institute of China and CNNC (1993). The paleo-uranium background (the original uranium content) is calculated by Uo=eTh x eU/eTh (17.96 for QA and 31.28 for El Sela granites), where: Uo is the original uranium content, eTh is the average of thorium content in certain geologic unit and eU/eTh is the average of the regional eU/eTh ratio in different geologic units.
The amount of the mobilized (migrated) uranium (Um) is calculated by Um=Up -Uo, where, Um is the amount of the mobilized uranium and Up is the average of the present uranium content in certain geologic unit. If Um > 0: this means that U was gained or mobilized into the geologic body during late evolution (migration in or enriched). If Um < 0: this means that U had been lost from the 17 RADIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF  (-3.93) with migration rate (P) -28.01 and El Sela granites (-20.49) with migration rate -189.9 indicating that U was mobilized out from them (migration out), mostly to the shear zone cutting through the area.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Granitic rock samples are used in some industrial applications such as utilization of these rocks as an ornamental stones and in building materials.
Physiomechanical characterization detected to determine their suitability for uses as an ornamental stones. All rocks passes the tests and suitable as ornamental stones (Lasheen, 2019).

Absorbed Dose Rate in Air (D)
The absorbed gamma dose rates in air at 1m above the ground surface for the uniform distribution of radionuclides ( 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K) were calculated by using Equation 1 on the basis of guide lines provided by UNSCEAR (2000) and Ȍrgün et al., (2007). D (nGy/h) = 0.462A U + 0.604A Th + 0.0417A K (1) where A U , A Th and A K are the average specific activities of 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K in Bq/kg, respectively.

Annual Effective Dose Equivalent (AEDE)
The annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) was calculated from the absorbed dose by applying the dose conversion factor of 0.7 Sv/Gy and the outdoor occupancy factor of 0.2 (UNSCEAR, 2000;Ȍrgün et al. 2007).

Radium Equivalent Activity (Raeq)
The radium equivalent activity for the samples was calculated. The exposure to radiation (Tufail et al., 1992) can be defined in terms of the radium equivalent activity (Ra eq ), which can be expressed by the following equation: Ra eq = A Ra + 10/7A Th +10/130A K where A Ra , A Th and A K are the specific activities of Ra, Th and K, respectively, in Bq kg 1 .

External and Internal Hazard Index (H ex and H in )
To limit the annual external gamma-ray dose (Saito andJacob, 1995 andUNSCEAR, 2000) to 1.5 Gy for the samples under investigation, the external hazard index (H ex ) is given by the following equation: The internal exposure to 222 Rn and its radioactive progeny is controlled by the internal hazard index (H in ), which is given given by Nada (2003).
These indices must be less than unity in order to keep the radiation hazard insignificant (Lakehal et al., 2010;Baykara et al., 2010).

Activity Concentration Index (Iγ)
Another radiation hazard index called the representative level index, Iγ, is defined as follows (NEA-OECD, 1979): where A U , A Th and A K are the activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K, respectively in Bq kg -1 (Abbady et. al., 2005). The safety value for this index is ≤ 1 1 (El Galy et al., 2008;El Aassy et al., 2012;Harpy et al. 2019b;Taha et al., 2020).
The average absorbed γ-dose rate (D) values for the studied granitic rocks of QA and El Sela are shown in Tables 2 and 3. The calculated values of the studied samples vary between 99.91 and 777.91 nGyh -1 with an average 184.00, 100.85 and 319.75 with an average 195.42 nGyh -1 in QA and El Sela, respectively.
These estimated values of absorbed γ-dose rate in the studied samples are comparably higher than the world average value 57 nGyh -1 (Harpy et al., 2019b;Taha et al., 2020).
On the other hand, the average values of annual effective dose for the studied samples were also listed. The values obtained varied between 0.12 and 0.95, 0.12 and 0.39 mSvy -1 for QA and El Sela granitic samples, respectively. The mean value 0.23 and 0.24 for the two localities, respectively which found to be less that than 0.48 mSvy -1 recommended by UNSCEAR (2000) as the worldwide average of the annual effective dose.
The radium equivalent activity Ra eq for QA and El Sela samples ranged between 213.81and 1493.81 Bq Kg -1 with 380.94, Bq Kg -1 , 215.54 and 6.84.11 Bq Kg-1 with 420.56, Bq Kg-1 as a mean value, respectively which was to some extent higher than the maximum permitted value (370 Bq Kg-1).
The values of internal hazard indices (H in ) for the studied QA and El Sela samples ranged between 0.58 and 4.04, 0.58 to 1.85, respectively, while the external hazard index varies between 0.93 and 4.62, 0.80 and 3.00, respectively. External and internal hazard indices were significantly higher than unity for most of the studied samples suggesting that these granitic rocks couldn't be used as building and interior decorative material of dwelling.
The gamma activity index (Iγ) used to assess safety requirement for the studied rocks were evaluated and presented in Tables 2&3. The obtained values for both localities ranged between 1.51 and 12.31 with average 2.83, 1.57 and 4.84 with average 3.06, respectively. The obtained values of gamma activity indices in all granitic rock samples were higher dose criterion (0.3 mSv/y) and/or some samples are higher than an activity concentration index of 2≤ Iγ≤6 for materials used in bulk construction.

CONCLUSIONS
El Sela area is mainly covered by ophiolitic mélange (Sul Hamed), biotite granites, twomica granite (El Sela) muscovite granites (Qash Amer), and different types of acidic and basic dikes as well as quartz and jasper veins. The field studies indicated that the granitic rocks are suffered from hydrothermal alterations, especially around ENE-WSW and NNW-SSE El Sela shear zones, that affected by hydrothermal alterations in post-granitic dikes as well as quartz and jasper veins accompanied by radioactive mineralization. Microscopically, granites are composed essentially of alkali feldspar, quartz, muscovite and biotite. Accessories are represented mainly by zircon, monazite, apatite, fluorite and iron oxides. Secondary uranium minerals are represented by uranophane, autunite, meta-autunite and phurcalite. The radiometric studies of the samples show that their uranium contents (eU) range from 10.1 to 17.7 ppm at Qash Amer with their thorium contents (eTh) vary from 5.8 to 22.7 ppm. El Sela granites have uranium contents (eU) ranges from 6.4 to 19.7 ppm with equivalent thorium content (eTh) ranges between 14.0 and 44.9 ppm. This indicates strong post-magmatic uranium enrichment in the granitic melt. Recent studies clarify that the chemically determined uranium is to a great extent higher than the radiometrically obtained results suggesting El Sela uranium could be considered as recent uranium deposits and this confirm their hazard. Mobilization studies of uranium indicate that its mobilization out (migration out), mostly to the shear zone cutting through 19 RADIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF the area. Though the suitability of these rocks for using as ornamental stones, most samples have radiological parameters values higher than the international standards suggesting that G. El Sela granitic rocks are hazard for use as ornamental stones.

RECOMMENDATIONS
It obvious that from the present work, the authors recommend that the inhabitants at El Sela and Qash Amer granites could be spread horizontally through out these granites, because they were not considered as safety environments and not recommended to be used in building materials as an ornamental stones. They have radiological parameters values higher than the international recommended values that exceed the world permissible value.